Oxidative Stress: The retina is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, which occurs when there is an imbalance between free radicals and the body’s ability to neutralize them with antioxidants. Over time, this stress can damage the macula and contribute to cell death.

Poor Blood Flow and Angiogenesis: Inadequate blood flow to the retina can lead to the development of new, abnormal blood vessels—a process known as angiogenesis. These vessels can distort the retina and may rupture, causing bleeding and further vision loss.

Apoptosis: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a natural process in the body. However, in the retina, excessive apoptosis due to oxidative stress can lead to the thinning and deterioration of the macula.

Inflammation: Inflammation is the body’s response to injury or stress, and it plays a significant role in the progression of AMD. Proteins involved in the immune response can accumulate in the retina as drusen deposits, which are indicative of AMD.

Age and Genetics: Age is the most significant risk factor for AMD, with the likelihood of developing the condition increasing as one gets older. Additionally, genetics play a role, as certain gene mutations have been linked to a higher risk of AMD.

Environmental Factors: Exposure to blue and UV light, smoking, poor diet, and lack of exercise can all contribute to the development and progression of AMD.